Reading-Notes

Text

• Headings and paragraphs
• Bold, italic, emphasis
• Structural and semantic markup

Headings

Browsers display the contents of headings at different sizes. The contents of an <h1> element is the largest, and the contents of an <h6> element is the smallest. The exact size at which each browser shows the headings can vary slightly. Users can also adjust the size of text in their browser. You will see how to control the size of text, its color, and the fonts used when we come to look at CSS

Paragraphs

By default, a browser will show each paragraph on a new line with some space between it and any subsequent paragraphs.To create a one, surround the words that make up the paragraph with an opening <p> tag and closing </p> tag

Bold & Italic

• The element also represents a section of text that would be presented in a visually different way (for example key words in a paragraph) although the use of the element does not imply any additional meaning
• The element also represents a section of text that would be said in a different way from surrounding content — such as technical terms, names of ships, foreign words, thoughts, or other terms that would usually be italicized

Line Breaks & Horizontal Rules

Horizontal rules and Line breaks There are two tags that can be used to control the layout of your page.

Horizontal Rule <hr> Line break
– inserts a end of line where it appear Neither have a closing tag or associated text.

Their use is fairly straightforward.

Visual Editors & Their Code views

What is a code editor? A code editor is nothing but a text editor that is specialized for writing software. It may be a stand-alone program or part of an integrated development environment (IDE). They make writing and reading the source code easier by differentiating the elements, so the programmers can view their code.

Visual editors often resemble word processors. Although each editor will differ slightly, there are some features that are common to most editors that allow you to control the presentation of text

Code views show you the code created by the visual editor so you can manually edit it, or so you can just enter new code yourself. It is often activated using a button with an icon that says HTML or has angled brackets. White space may be added to the code by the editor to make the code easier to read.

HTML: The strong and em tags

The and tags are used for emphasizing parts of a text. The tag should be used to indicate strong importance, seriousness, or urgency, like to indicate key phrases in a text for someone skimming it. The tag should be used to represent stress emphasis, like when you’d read the emphasized text in a different tone of voice. Both tags can be used together, where it makes sense.

• HTML elements are used to describe the structure of the page (e.g. headings, subheadings, paragraphs).
• They also provide semantic information (e.g. where emphasis should be placed, the definition of any acronyms used, when given text is a quotation)

WHY CSS?

• CSS saves time: You can write CSS once and reuse the same sheet in multiple HTML pages.
• Easy Maintainence: To make a global change simply change the style, and all elements in all the webpages will be updated automatically.
• Search Engines: CSS is considered a clean coding technique, which means search engines won’t have to struggle to “read” its content.
• Superior styles to HTML: CSS has a much wider array of attributes than HTML, so you can give a far better look to your HTML page in comparison to HTML attributes.
• Offline Browsing: CSS can store web applications locally with the help of an offline cache. Using this we can view offline websites.

  CSS Syntax:

• A CSS comprises style rules that are interpreted by the browser and then applied to the corresponding elements in your document.
• A style rule set consists of a selector and declaration block.

• An internal stylesheet holds CSS rules for the page in the head section of the HTML file. The rules only apply to that page, but you can configure CSS classes and IDs to style multiple elements in the page code. Again, a single change to the CSS rule will apply to all tagged page elements.

• An external stylesheet is a standalone .css file linked from a web page. Using external stylesheets, you can apply rules to multiple web pages. If you ever need to make widespread changes to your website design, a single change in the stylesheet can be applied to all linked pages, saving lots of time and effort.

• CSS treats each HTML element as if it appears inside its own box and uses rules to indicate how that element should look.
• Rules are made up of selectors (that specify the elements the rule applies to) and declarations (that indicate what these elements should look like).
• Different types of selectors allow you to target your rules at different elements.
• Declarations are made up of two parts: the properties of the element that you want to change, and the values of those properties. For example, the font-family property sets the choice of font, and the value arial specifies Arial as the preferred typeface.
• CSS rules usually appear in a separate document, although they may appear within an HTML page.

JavaScript Programs

A computer program is a list of “instructions” to be “executed” by a computer.

In a programming language, these programming instructions are called statements.

A JavaScript program is a list of programming statements.

JavaScript Statements

JavaScript statements are composed of:

Values, Operators, Expressions, Keywords, and Comments.

This statement tells the browser to write “Hello Dolly.” inside an HTML element with id=”demo”:

DATA TYPES

• A script is made up of a series of statements. Each statement is like a step in a recipe.
• Scripts contain very precise instructions. For example, you might specify that a value must be remembered before creating a calculation using that value.
• Variables are used to temporarily store pieces of information used in the script.
• Arrays are special types of variables that store more than one piece of related information.
• JavaScript distinguishes between numbers (0-9), strings (text), and Boolean values (true or false).
• Expressions evaluate into a single value.
• Expressions rely on operators to calculate a value.

Decision-Making

conditional statements are used to perform different actions based on various conditions. The conditional statement evaluates a condition before the execution of instructions.

When you write the code, you require to perform different actions for different decisions. You can easily perform it by using conditional statements.

Types of Conditional Statements The conditional statements in JavaScript are listed below:

• if statement
• if….else statement
• if….else if….statement
• nested if statement
• switch statement